"An important contribution to the literature, not just on grandmothers, but on human evolution generally. This edited volume provides a forum in which a rapidly developing view of human evolution can coalesce."-Lee Cronk, author of From Mukogodo to Maasai: Ethnicity and Cultural Change in Kenya

By the year 2030, the average life expectancy of women in industrialized countries could reach ninety-exceeding that of men by about ten years. At the present time, postmenopausal women represent more than 15 percent of the world's population and this figure is likely to grow.

From an evolutionary perspective, these demographic numbers pose some intriguing questions. Darwinian theory holds that a successful life is measured in terms of reproduction. How is it, then, that a woman's lifespan can greatly exceed her childbearing and childrearing years? Is this phenomenon simply a byproduct of improved standards of living, or do older women-grandmothers in particular-play a measurable role in increasing their family members' biological success?

Until now, these questions have not been examined in a thorough and comprehensive manner. Bringing together theoretical and empirical work by internationally recognized scholars in anthropology, psychology, ethnography, and the social sciences, Grandmotherhood explores the evolutionary purpose and possibilities of female post-generative life. Students and scholars of human evolution, anthropology, and even gerontology will look to this volume as a major contribution to the current literature in evolutionary studies.

Eckart Voland is a professor of biophilosophy at the Center for Philosophy and Foundations of Science at the University of Giessen in Germany. Athanasios Chasiotis is the head of the interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Life-Span Psychology Research Group at the University of Osnabrck in Germany. Wulf Schiefenhvel is the head of the human ethology group, Max-Planck-Institute, Andechs/Seewiesen in Germany and a professor of medical psychology and ethnomedicine at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich.

Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
Introduction
Grandmotherhood: A Short Overview of Three Fields of Research on the Evolutionary Significance of Postgenerative Female Life
Eckart Voland, Athanasios Chasiotis, and Wulf Schiefenhvel
Part I
Life History: The Evolutionary Route to Grandmothers
Chapter 1
Primate Predispositions for Human Grandmaternal Behavior
Andreas Paul
Chapter 2
Menopause: Adaptation and Epiphenomenon
Jocelyn Scott Peccei
Chapter 3
Human Longevity and Reproduction: An Evolutionary Perspective
Natalia S. Gavrilova and Leonid A. Gavrilov
Chapter 4
Grandmothers, Politics, and Getting Back to Science
Chris Knight and Camilla Power
Chapter 5
Human Female Longevity: How Important is Being a Grandmother?
Cheryl Sorenson Jamison, Paul L. Jamison, and Laurel L. Cornell
Chapter 6
Human Age Structures, Paleodemography, and the Grandmother Hypothesis
Kristen Hawkes and Nicholas Blurton Jones
Part II
Behavior: Modern Outcomes of Past Adaptations
Chapter 7
Are Humans Communal Breeders?
Ruth Mace and Rebecca Sear
Chapter 8
Hadza Grandmothers as Helpers: Residence Data
Nicholas Blurton Jones, Kristen Hawkes, and James O'Connell
Chapter 9
The Role of Material Grandmothers in Trobriand Adoptions
Wulf Schiefenhvel and Andreas Grabolle
Chapter 10
Kinship Organization and Grandmother's Impact on Reproductive Success among the Matrilineal Khasi and Patrilineal Bengali of N.E. India
Donna L. Leonetti, Dilip C. Nath, Natabar S. Hemam, and Dawn B. Neill
Chapter 11
The Helping and the Helpful Grandmother: The Role of Maternal and Paternal Grandmothers in Child Mortality in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Population of French Settlers in Qubec, Canada
Jan Beise
Chapter 12
"The Husband's Mother Is the Devil in House": Data on the Impact of the Mother-in-Law on Stillbirth Mortality in Historical Krummhrn (C18-C19) and Some Thoughts on the Evolution of Postgenerative Female Life
Eckart Voland and Jan Beise
Chapter 13
Exploring the Variation in Inter-generational Relationships among Germans and Turkish Immigrants: An Evolutionary Perspective of Behavior in a Modern Social Setting
Akiko Nosaka and Athanasios Chasiotis
Chapter 14
Variability of the Role of Grandmothers
Axel Schlmerich, Birgit Leyendecker, Banu Citlak-Kisagn, Amy Miller, and Robin Harwood
Part III
Synthesis: The Evolutionary Significance of Grandmothers
Chapter 15
Cooperative Breeders with an Ace in the Hole
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
Contributors
Index